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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm
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Mouse cloning and somatic cell reprogramming using electrofused blastomeres.

Amjad Riaz1, Xiaoyang Zhao, Xiangpeng Dai

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China.

Cell Research
|December 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers successfully cloned mice and derived embryonic stem cell lines using reprogrammed nuclei from early-stage embryos. This advance offers a promising alternative for generating patient-specific stem cells without relying on donated eggs.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Stem cell research
  • Developmental reprogramming

Background:

  • Current methods for generating patient-specific human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines face limitations due to oocyte availability.
  • Only zygotes have been successfully used for somatic nuclear transfer to derive ES cell lines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of advanced-stage embryos for somatic nuclear transfer and derivation of ES cell lines.
  • To establish a method for generating patient-specific human ES cell lines that bypasses oocyte limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Electrofusion of two-cell stage mouse embryos arrested in mitosis.
  • Nuclear transfer using blastomeres or somatic cells as donors.
  • Developmental reprogramming of transferred nuclei.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated live, full-term cloned mouse pups from embryonic donors.
  • Derived pluripotent ES cell lines from both embryonic and somatic cell donors.
  • Demonstrated that advanced-stage pre-implantation embryos could not support normal development after somatic nuclear transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Two-cell stage embryos can support developmental reprogramming of various donor cell nuclei.
  • Discarded pre-implantation human embryos represent a valuable resource for therapeutic cloning research, minimizing ethical concerns.
  • This approach offers a practical alternative for generating patient-specific human ES cell lines, circumventing the need for donated oocytes.