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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

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Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage of children attending day care centers in Korea: comparison between children immunized with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and non-immunized.

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Update on pertussis and pertussis immunization.

Jung Yun Hong¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea.

Korean Journal of Pediatrics

|December 31, 2010

Summary

Pertussis, a contagious respiratory illness, is seeing a rise in cases despite high vaccination rates. This review covers the latest on pertussis pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Area of Science:

* Infectious Diseases
* Public Health
* Microbiology

Background:

* Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by *Bordetella pertussis*.
* Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis cases and fatalities have increased globally since the 1990s, even in highly vaccinated populations.
* In Korea, pertussis cases have shown an increasing trend in the 2000s, with a notable rise in 2009, despite a high vaccination rate (~94%) and no reported deaths since 1990.

Purpose of the Study:

* To provide an updated overview of pertussis.
* To summarize the latest information on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of *Bordetella pertussis* infections.

Main Methods:

* This study is a review of existing literature on pertussis.

Keywords:

Outbreak Pertussis Vaccination

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* Information was gathered on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and control measures of pertussis.

Main Results:

* Pertussis remains a significant public health concern due to increasing case numbers in various countries.
* The review highlights the need for continued vigilance and updated strategies for pertussis control.
* Specific trends in Korea indicate a rise in reported cases despite high vaccination coverage.

Conclusions:

* Pertussis prevention and control require ongoing research and adaptation of strategies.
* Understanding the evolving epidemiology and pathogenesis of *Bordetella pertussis* is crucial.
* Effective diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination remain key to managing pertussis outbreaks.