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Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

Published on: February 28, 2019

SOX2 gene expression in normal human thymus and thymoma.

Anca Maria Cimpean1, Svetlana Encica, Marius Raica

  • 1Department of Histology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania.

Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|December 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary

SOX2 protein is present in normal human thymus tissue. Its expression increases with the pathological stage in thymoma, a type of thymus cancer, and is found in tumor and endothelial cells in B3 thymoma.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

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In situ Imaging of the Mouse Thymus Using 2-Photon Microscopy
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In situ Imaging of the Mouse Thymus Using 2-Photon Microscopy

Published on: January 25, 2008

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Development

Background:

  • The SOX gene family, including SOX2, plays a crucial role in human development and is implicated in various cancers.
  • SOX2 protein has been identified as immunogenic in several human malignancies, including lung, gastric, and pancreatic cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and distribution of SOX2 immunoreactive cells in normal human thymus and thymoma specimens.
  • To analyze the correlation between SOX2 expression and the pathological stage of thymoma.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of SOX2 expression in five normal human thymus samples (2 fetal, 3 adult).
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of SOX2 expression in ten thymoma biopsy specimens.
  • Evaluation of SOX2 distribution within thymus parenchyma and correlation with thymoma pathological stage.

Main Results:

  • Few SOX2 positive cells were detected in both fetal and adult normal human thymus, with specific localization within parenchyma compartments.
  • SOX2 immunoreactivity in thymoma specimens increased proportionally to the pathological stage.
  • A distinct SOX2 distribution pattern was observed in type B3 thymoma, with positive staining in both tumor cells and endothelial cells.

Conclusions:

  • SOX2 is expressed in normal human thymus, with a defined cellular distribution.
  • SOX2 expression is upregulated in thymoma and correlates with disease progression.
  • The specific localization of SOX2 in type B3 thymoma suggests a potential role in tumor biology and vascularization.