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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure01:26

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy
06:31

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy

Published on: December 30, 2025

Extended lymph node dissection: bladder, kidney.

Pascal Zehnder1, Mihir Desai

  • 1USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Urology
|December 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extended lymph node dissection (LND) benefits bladder cancer patients. However, optimal LND extent for upper tract urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma requires further standardization and research.

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Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Surgical oncology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Lymph node dissection (LND) is crucial in treating urothelial and renal cell carcinomas.
  • Recent advancements aim to refine LND extent and improve patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in lymph node dissection (LND) for bladder cancer, upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
  • Focus on optimizing the extent of dissection for these malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Technetium-based lymph node mapping in radical cystectomy.
  • Analysis of lymphatic drainage patterns.
  • Review of existing clinical trials and data on LND in upper tract urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma.

Main Results:

  • Lymphatic mapping in bladder cancer shows primary landing sites below the uretero-iliac crossing, with significant nodes in the fossa of Marcille and internal iliac region.
  • Intraoperative frozen sections do not significantly shorten LND procedures.
  • Nodal yield is multifactorial and not a definitive measure of LND adequacy.
  • Lymphatic drainage for upper tract urothelial cancer is less predictable, questioning its staging benefit.
  • LND value in renal cell carcinoma is uncertain due to limited data in higher-stage patients.

Conclusions:

  • Extended LND provides prognostic and therapeutic benefits in invasive bladder cancer, but proximal boundaries need definition.
  • Standardized approaches for LND indications and templates are needed for upper tract urothelial carcinoma to guide adjuvant therapies and evaluate LND's value.
  • Standardization of LND is also necessary for renal cell carcinoma.