Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026
Porcine Liver Transplantation Without Veno-Venous Bypass As an Extended Criteria Donor Model
Published on: August 17, 2022
Elevated catecholamines and hepatic artery vasospasm in porcine small-for-size liver graft
Xiaocheng Zhu1, John J Fung, Shunichi Nakagawa
1Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. zhux@ccf.org
Background:
Elevated levels of norepinephrine (NE) have been reported in recipients of small-for-size liver (SFS) grafts in the perioperative period. The aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that although circulating catecholamines are elevated in recipients of SFS grafts, they are not the primary agents responsible for the hepatic artery (HA) vasospasm.
Methods:
Female porcine recipients receiving a 20% (n = 10) partial liver graft were compared with a control group, using 60% partial liver transplanted grafts (n = 9). Hepatic blood flow (PVF, HAF) and levels of plasma catecholamines (epinephrine and NE) were measured at designated time points through postoperative day (POD) 7. Phentolamine (PA), an α-adrenergic blocker, was administered at doses of 1 to 112.5 ug/kg/min through an indwelling HA to the recipients of 20% group on POD1 (n = 5).
Results:
In the 20% group following reperfusion, HA vasospasm was found at 10, 60, and 90 min, and persisted on POD 3 and POD 7. Plasma NE levels increased after reperfusion in 20% and 60% groups and peaked at 6 h with 10- to 13-fold increased levels compared with baseline. In the 20% group, NE levels remained elevated up to POD 7. PA infusion at low (1-10 ug/kg/min) and high (12.5-112.5 ug/kg/min) doses did not reverse the reduced HAF observed in 20% group recipients.
Conclusion:
Elevated serum NE does not appear to be the primary factor mediating HA vasospasm in the porcine SFS graft.
