Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Primary aldosteronism-induced hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis syndrome: a case report and literature review.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Diagnostic value of cystatin C in acute kidney injury among patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Autoantibodies combined with systemic inflammation markers for predicting bone metastases in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Risk factors for pneumonia, hepatic encephalopathy, and acute kidney injury in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Identifying the seizure onset zone with phase-amplitude coupling.

Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society·2026
Same author

Safety and efficacy of switching to bictegravir-lenacapavir versus continuing bictegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed people with HIV-1 (ARTISTRY-2): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

The lancet. HIV·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Long-term safety from the raltegravir clinical development program.

Hedy Teppler1, Deborah D Brown, Randi Y Leavitt

  • 1Hedy Teppler, MD, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 1000, UG3D-56, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA. hedy_teppler@merck.com

Current HIV Research
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Raltegravir is a well-tolerated HIV-1 medication, showing a favorable safety profile in long-term clinical trials for both treatment-naïve and experienced patients. This review confirms its safety in diverse HIV populations.

More Related Videos

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Raltegravir demonstrates potent and durable efficacy in HIV-1 treatment.
  • A favorable safety profile has been observed in phase III studies for treatment-naïve and experienced patients.
  • This review consolidates raltegravir's safety data from its clinical development program.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safety profile of raltegravir.
  • To analyze comprehensive 96-week safety data from key clinical trials.
  • To conduct a cumulative meta-analysis of raltegravir safety.

Main Methods:

  • Safety data from STARTMRK (raltegravir vs. efavirenz) and BENCHMRK (raltegravir vs. placebo) were summarized.
  • A cumulative meta-analysis of raltegravir 400 mg twice daily was performed.
  • Data included treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients.

Main Results:

  • Raltegravir showed fewer drug-related adverse events than efavirenz; similar rates to placebo.
  • Serious drug-related adverse events were uncommon.
  • Rash, depression, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome occurred at comparable rates to comparators; creatine kinase elevations were noted without clinical impact.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term phase III data confirm raltegravir is generally well-tolerated.
  • Raltegravir demonstrates a favorable safety profile in both treatment-naïve and experienced HIV patients.
  • The safety profile supports raltegravir's use in managing HIV-1 infection.