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Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Type 1 and type IV hypersensitivity to nickel.

Maeve L Walsh¹, Victoria H Smith, Clodagh M King

¹Department of Dermatology, Broadgreen Hospital, Liverpool, UK. maevelwalsh@hotmail.com

The Australasian Journal of Dermatology

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a rare case of immediate contact urticaria to nickel, a common metal allergen. Management involves lifestyle adjustments and pre-treatment with corticosteroids and antihistamines for medical procedures.

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Area of Science:

Allergy and Immunology
Dermatology
Toxicology

Background:

Nickel is a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
Immediate contact urticaria to nickel is rarely documented.
The non-immunological mechanism of nickel-induced mast cell degranulation is under investigation.

Observation:

A patient presented with both type 1 (immediate) and type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions to nickel.
The patient experienced immediate urticaria upon nickel exposure.
Nickel content and bioavailability vary in stainless steel alloys.

Findings:

The case highlights the potential for immediate hypersensitivity reactions to nickel.
The patient successfully modified her environment to avoid nickel exposure.
Stainless steel's variable nickel content impacts biological availability.

Implications:

This case underscores the need for awareness regarding nickel hypersensitivity.
Patients with nickel allergy may require specific precautions during dental or medical procedures involving stainless steel.
Prophylactic corticosteroid and antihistamine treatment is recommended for high-risk procedures.