Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine: implications for cervical elimination.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases·2026
Same author

SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

Nor-ursodeoxycholic Acid for Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Is There Enough Evidence for Clinical Use? A Critique of a Phase III Trial and Regulatory Endorsement of the Drug.

Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology·2026
Same author

Economic evaluation of combination vaccines: Enabling a more comprehensive assessment of their benefits and challenges.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Association of butter and plant-based oils with mortality: Further clarifying the butter.

The National medical journal of India·2026
Same author

Report of a one-day convening on regulatory science, practices, and innovative approaches to facilitate approval of novel combination vaccines.

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

Patient-Level Predictors of Procedural Success in Colon Capsule Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same journal

Preventive Effect of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same journal

Toward the Era of Precision Immunotherapy: The Clinical Landscape and Future Directions of mRNA Vaccines for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same journal

From Chronic Atrophic Gastritis to Low-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Proteomic Study on the Sequential Progression of Gastric Precancerous Lesions.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same journal

Resource-Stratified Carbon-Adjusted Quality Indicators for Green Endoscopy.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same journal

Five-Year Outcomes and Disease Trajectories in Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Korean Multicenter Inception Cohort.

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E: Historical, contemporary and future perspectives.

Rakesh Aggarwal1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. aggarwal.ra@gmail.com

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes liver disease globally, with distinct genotypes leading to epidemic or sporadic outbreaks. Vaccines show promise for high-risk groups, but are not yet commercially available.

More Related Videos

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
12:24

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
12:24

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E was first identified in 1980 during an epidemic in Kashmir, India.
  • The causative agent, Hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a single-stranded RNA virus.
  • HEV has four genotypes, with Genotypes 1 and 2 primarily infecting humans, and Genotypes 3 and 4 infecting mammals and occasionally humans.

Observation:

  • In highly endemic regions, HEV causes epidemic and sporadic hepatitis, mainly via fecal-oral transmission through contaminated water.
  • The disease presents severe courses and high mortality in pregnant women.
  • HEV superinfection can lead to acute-on-chronic liver disease in individuals with pre-existing liver conditions.

Findings:

  • Sporadic, locally acquired HEV infections in low-endemic areas are often linked to Genotypes 3 or 4, potentially from zoonotic transmission (pigs, deer).
  • Immunosuppressed individuals can develop chronic HEV infection (Genotype 3), potentially progressing to liver cirrhosis.
  • Two subunit vaccines targeting HEV capsid proteins demonstrate high efficacy in preventing the disease.

Implications:

  • HEV poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in developing countries and among vulnerable populations.
  • Understanding HEV genotypes and transmission routes is crucial for effective prevention and control strategies.
  • Development and accessibility of HEV vaccines are critical for protecting high-risk individuals and mitigating disease impact.