IGF-II is regulated by microRNA-125b in skeletal myogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of skeletal myogenesis, but our knowledge of the identity of the myogenic miRNAs and their targets remains limited. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel myogenic miRNA, miR-125b. We find that the levels of miR-125b decline during myogenesis and that miR-125b negatively modulates myoblast differentiation in culture and muscle regeneration in mice. Our results identify IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor 2), a critical regulator of skeletal myogenesis, as a direct and major target of miR-125b in both myocytes and regenerating muscles, revealing for the first time an miRNA mechanism controlling IGF-II expression. In addition, we provide evidence suggesting that miR-125b biogenesis is negatively controlled by kinase-independent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling both in vitro and in vivo as a part of a dual mechanism by which mTOR regulates the production of IGF-II, a master switch governing the initiation of skeletal myogenesis.