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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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2,2',6,6'-Tetra-methyl-4,4'-bipyridine.

Li-Hai Fu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, TongHua Normal University, 134002, TongHua, Jilin, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of C(14)H(16)N(2) reveals a 19.48° dihedral angle between its pyridine rings. This molecular structure lacks classical hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions, offering insights into its chemical properties.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their chemical behavior and physical properties.
  • Pyridine-containing compounds are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and materials science, necessitating detailed structural characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the precise molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions of the title compound, C(14)H(16)N(2).
  • To provide crystallographic data that can inform future research on related pyridine derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure of C(14)H(16)N(2).
  • Analysis of the crystal structure involved determining atomic coordinates, bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles.

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Main Results:

  • The title compound, C(14)H(16)N(2), exhibits no crystallographic molecular symmetry.
  • A dihedral angle of 19.48(2)° was measured between the least-squares planes of the two pyridine rings.
  • No classical hydrogen bonds or π-π interactions were identified in the crystal lattice.

Conclusions:

  • The determined dihedral angle provides specific geometric information about the relative orientation of the pyridine rings.
  • The absence of classical hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions suggests that other weaker forces may govern the crystal packing.
  • This structural data serves as a fundamental reference for C(14)H(16)N(2) and related molecular systems.