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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

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Published on: June 21, 2017

2,3:6,7-Bis(methyl-enedi-oxy)-phenanthrene.

Yuan-Xing Wang, Chong-Bo Liu, Zhi-Jie Fang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(16)H(10)O(4) features a planar arrangement of non-hydrogen atoms. This molecular configuration is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and pi-stacking interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular packing and interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • The title molecule, C(16)H(10)O(4), presents an interesting case for structural analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title molecule C(16)H(10)O(4).
    • To identify the key intermolecular interactions stabilizing the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • Analysis of non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding and pi-stacking, was performed.

    Main Results:

    • All non-hydrogen atoms within the C(16)H(10)O(4) molecule were found to be coplanar.

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  • The crystal structure is significantly stabilized by weak intermolecular C-H⋯O contacts.
  • Evidence of π-π stacking interactions was observed, with an inter-planar distance of 3.43 Å.

    • Conclusions:

    • The planar nature of the molecule contributes to efficient crystal packing.
    • Intermolecular forces, specifically C-H⋯O contacts and π-π stacking, are critical for the stability of the C(16)H(10)O(4) crystal structure.