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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
06:54

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants

Published on: February 10, 2023

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.

Chong-Bo Liu, Dan-Dan Chen, Hui-Liang Wen

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals how a specific organic compound forms crystal structures. It utilizes hydrogen bonds and pi-pi stacking to create unique one-dimensional molecular tapes.

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    MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups
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    MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups

    Published on: October 3, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Crystal engineering
    • Supramolecular chemistry
    • Organic solid-state chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for designing functional materials.
    • Crystal structure dictates material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking are key non-covalent interactions in molecular self-assembly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(4)Br(2)O(3).
    • To investigate the role of intra- and inter-molecular interactions in its self-assembly.
    • To characterize the formation of supramolecular architectures.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding (O-H⋯O=C, O-H⋯O) and C-H⋯Br interactions.
    • Assessment of pi-pi stacking interactions and inter-planar distances.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound exhibits an intra-molecular O-H⋯O=C hydrogen bond.
    • Hydrogen-bonded dimers are formed through O-H⋯O interactions.
    • Zigzag one-dimensional molecular tapes are assembled via C-H⋯Br interactions and pi-pi stacking (3.42 Å inter-planar separation).

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is completed by the formation of 1D molecular tapes.
    • The interplay of hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking governs the observed supramolecular architecture.
    • This detailed structural analysis provides insights into the design principles for organic crystalline materials.