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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
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Preparation of Nitriles01:12

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One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
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Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
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N-Propionylthio-urea.

Bohari M Yamin1, Eliyanti A Othman

  • 1School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the molecular structure of a novel compound, C(4)H(8)N(2)OS. Its planar structure and hydrogen bonding patterns contribute to a stable two-dimensional molecular network.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding molecular structure is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly and crystal engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(8)N(2)OS.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and packing in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (intramolecular and intermolecular) was performed.

Main Results:

  • The molecule C(4)H(8)N(2)OS adopts a planar conformation with a trans configuration.
  • An intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the molecule.
  • Molecules form a 2D network via intermolecular N-H⋯O and N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals specific hydrogen bonding motifs that dictate the compound's solid-state organization.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic compounds.