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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
12:21

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

Published on: February 6, 2016

(E)-2-(Cyclo-hexyl-methyl-ene)succinic acid.

Wei Wang, Yi Deng, Xiao-Hui Cao

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound with the formula C(11)H(16)O(4). The research observed specific molecular arrangements and intermolecular hydrogen bonds influencing crystal packing.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Solid-State Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular structure and interactions is crucial in chemistry.
    • Crystal packing influences material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(16)O(4).
    • To investigate the conformational preferences of the cyclo-hexane ring.
    • To identify and analyze intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of the molecular geometry and unit cell parameters.
    • Identification of hydrogen bonding networks.

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    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

    Published on: December 16, 2022

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

    Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
    12:21

    Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

    Published on: February 6, 2016

    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
    08:12

    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

    Published on: December 16, 2022

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

    Main Results:

    • The compound C(11)H(16)O(4) crystallizes with three molecules in the asymmetric unit.
    • The cyclo-hexane ring adopts a chair conformation.
    • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, contributing to the crystal lattice.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(11)H(16)O(4) has been elucidated.
    • The chair conformation of the cyclo-hexane ring is confirmed.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the observed crystal packing of this organic compound.