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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...

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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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(5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-phen-yl)(phen-yl)methanone.

Feng-Ke Yang, Yi-Ning Ding, Wei Cheng

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals how a specific organic compound

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is key in crystal engineering.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in stabilizing crystal structures.
    • The compound C(13)H(9)BrO(2) was synthesized and characterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of C(13)H(9)BrO(2).
    • To investigate the role of intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding.
    • To understand the factors governing the molecular conformation and crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was performed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Hydrogen bonding interactions were analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond.
    • Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains along the c-axis.
    • The crystal structure exhibits a one-dimensional chain motif.

    Conclusions:

    • Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding dictates the molecular conformation.
    • Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding drives the formation of 1D chains in the crystal lattice.
    • The study provides insights into the crystal engineering of related organic compounds.