Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Minimum effort, maximum effect: modulating twisted intramolecular charge transfer for ultralong room temperature phosphorescence.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Metal-Free Photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction to Formate Driven by Visible Light via a Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Type I photosensitizer-responsive self-immolative polymers: combining drug release with photodynamic therapy.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026

Same author

A recyclable type-I photosensitizer to enable red-light-driven gram-scale aerobic photocatalysis.

Smart molecules : open access·2025

Same author

Cyano π-bridge manipulated NIR-II AIEgens for tumor photothermal therapy.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025

Same author

Correction: Aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer microneedles for enhanced melanoma photodynamic therapy.

Biomaterials science·2025

Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Ethyl 4-nitro-phenyl-acetate.

Ji Li¹, Jun Liu, Hui-Qing Peng

¹College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of C(10)H(11)NO(4), revealing two independent molecules linked by a hydrogen bond. The crystal lattice is further stabilized by an N-O⋯π interaction, providing insights into molecular packing.

More Related Videos

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Published on: December 19, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Published on: December 19, 2011

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Solid-state chemistry
Molecular structure

Background:

Understanding the packing of organic molecules is crucial for predicting material properties.
Hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions are key non-covalent forces governing crystal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(10)H(11)NO(4).
To identify and analyze the intermolecular interactions responsible for crystal stabilization.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of intermolecular contacts, including hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions, was performed.

Main Results:

The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent molecules of C(10)H(11)NO(4).
A significant C-H⋯O hydrogen bond connects the two independent molecules.
Crystal structure stabilization is achieved through this hydrogen bond and an additional N-O⋯π contact.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(10)H(11)NO(4) is characterized by a specific arrangement of two independent molecules.
Intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding and N-O⋯π interactions play a critical role in the observed crystal packing and stability.