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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA (thiogalactoside...

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.

Naming Enantiomers

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system essentially comprises three steps:...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

(S)-6-Methyl-∊-caprolactone.

Maxime A Siegler¹, Huub Kooijman, Anthony L Spek

¹Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a chiral lactone derivative with a seven-membered ring adopting a chair conformation. Its crystal structure is stabilized by specific intermolecular interactions, with absolute configuration determined via enantioselective synthesis.

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Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography
Stereochemistry

Background:

Chiral compounds are crucial in pharmaceuticals and materials science.
Lactone derivatives exhibit diverse chemical and biological properties.
Understanding molecular conformation and crystal packing is key to predicting compound behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the crystal structure and conformation of a novel chiral lactone derivative.
To elucidate the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the crystal lattice.
To determine the absolute configuration of the title compound.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the three-dimensional structure.
Conformational analysis to describe the seven-membered ring geometry.
Enantioselective synthesis to establish the absolute configuration.

Main Results:

The title compound, C(7)H(12)O(2), was synthesized and structurally characterized.
The seven-membered lactone ring adopts a chair conformation.
Crystal structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O interactions in the (100) plane.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural and stereochemical characterization of the chiral lactone.
Weak C-H⋯O interactions play a significant role in the crystal packing.
The enantioselective synthesis confirms the assigned absolute configuration.