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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors
06:16

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Published on: December 5, 2025

Dirubidium digallium oxide bis-(ortho-borate).

Robert W Smith, Chunhua Hu, Christopher D Despain

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers describe the crystal structure of rubidium gallium oxyorthoborate, Rb(2)Ga(2)O(BO(3))(2). This compound features linked gallium tetrahedra forming a 3D network with rubidium ions in the voids.

    Area of Science:

    • Inorganic Chemistry
    • Crystal Science
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • The A(2)Ga(2)O(BO(3))(2) series (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) represents compounds with potential applications in materials science.
    • Understanding the structural characteristics of these compounds is crucial for predicting their properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of rubidium gallium oxyorthoborate, Rb(2)Ga(2)O(BO(3))(2).
    • To characterize the bonding and network formation within this inorganic compound.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
    • Structural analysis focused on identifying coordination polyhedra and network topology.

    Main Results:

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    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
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    Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors
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    Published on: December 5, 2025

    Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates
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    Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

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    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
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    Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

    Published on: July 26, 2016

    • The crystal structure of Rb(2)Ga(2)O(BO(3))(2) was successfully determined.
    • The structure consists of paired gallium-centered tetrahedra linked by a shared oxygen atom.
    • Orthoborate triangles connect these tetrahedral units, creating a three-dimensional framework with interstitial sites.

    Conclusions:

    • Rubidium ions occupy the voids within the three-dimensional network formed by gallium tetrahedra and orthoborate groups.
    • The structural arrangement provides insights into the chemical bonding and potential properties of this class of oxyorthoborates.