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Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

2-Hydr-oxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid monohydrate.

Zhan-Qiang Fang¹, Rong-Hua Zeng, Mei Yang

¹School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This study reveals how organic molecules and water form complex hydrogen-bonded networks. These networks create helical chains and supramolecular structures through pi-pi stacking interactions, important for crystal engineering.

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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

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Published on: August 22, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Crystal Engineering and Supramolecular Chemistry
Materials Science
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the self-assembly of organic molecules is crucial for designing novel materials.
Hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking are key non-covalent interactions driving supramolecular architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure and supramolecular assembly of the title compound C(8)H(8)O(4)·H(2)O.
To characterize the hydrogen bonding patterns and their role in forming extended networks.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding (O-H⋯O) and pi-pi stacking interactions was performed.

Main Results:

The asymmetric unit contains two organic molecules and two water molecules, forming R(4)(12) rings via hydrogen bonds.
These rings further assemble into R(6)(18) rings, leading to infinite helical chains along the b axis.
Offset pi-pi stacking interactions between aromatic rings (3.6432(8) Å) connect these chains into a supramolecular network.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates a hierarchical self-assembly process driven by hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking.
The resulting supramolecular network highlights the predictable nature of crystal engineering through non-covalent interactions.