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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions01:15

Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions

Hydrolysis, a cornerstone of phase I biotransformation reactions, uses water to cleave chemical bonds. This process is pivotal in drug metabolism, generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted.
An important hydrolytic reaction is ester hydrolysis. Ester bonds, often found in prodrugs, are broken down, increasing the solubility of drugs like aspirin and lidocaine for more straightforward elimination. Amide hydrolysis is another critical reaction, targeting amide bonds prevalent...
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
10:42

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

2-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one.

Orhan Büyükgüngör, Mustafa Odabaşoğlu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a C(10)H(10)N(2)O(2) compound. The molecule exhibits nearly coplanar rings, stabilized by hydrogen bonds and pi-pi interactions, forming a 3D network.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure analysis
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for materials science.
    • Crystal engineering relies on predicting and controlling intermolecular forces.
    • The title compound, C(10)H(10)N(2)O(2), presents an interesting scaffold for studying such interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound.
    • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.
    • To analyze the factors contributing to the stability of the three-dimensional network.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonds (C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N, O-H⋯O) and their role in network formation.

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  • Investigation of π-π interactions between aromatic rings.
  • Main Results:

    • The molecule exhibits nearly coplanar rings with a small dihedral angle of 2.35(5)°.
    • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds create robust R(4)(4)(22) and R(4)(4)(24) ring motifs, forming a 3D network.
    • Weak π-π interactions between pyridazinone and benzene rings (centroid-centroid distance: 3.709(3) Å) contribute to crystal stabilization.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(10)H(10)N(2)O(2) is characterized by a combination of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.
    • These interactions cooperatively stabilize a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
    • The findings provide insights into crystal packing principles for related molecular systems.