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Related Concept Videos

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

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Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers.

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Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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2,4-Dichloro-N-cyclo-hexyl-benzamide.

Aamer Saeed, Naeem Abbas, Shahid Hussain

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of a molecule C(13)H(15)Cl(2)NO reveals a chair conformation for its cyclohexane ring. Molecules are linked into chains by hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice.

    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in chemistry.
    • The specific compound C(13)H(15)Cl(2)NO has not been previously characterized in detail.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides precise atomic-level information about molecules.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule C(13)H(15)Cl(2)NO.
    • To investigate the conformational preferences of the cyclohexane ring.
    • To elucidate the intermolecular interactions present in the crystal state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
    • The molecular geometry and conformation were determined from the diffraction data.

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  • Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, were identified and analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • The cyclohexane ring was found to adopt a chair conformation.
    • The dihedral angle between the aromatic ring plane and the N/O/C plane was determined to be 51.88(7)°.
    • Infinite chains of molecules linked by intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds along the [010] direction were observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of C(13)H(15)Cl(2)NO.
    • The observed chair conformation and dihedral angle offer insights into the molecule's preferred geometry.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network explains the crystal packing and molecular assembly.