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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

3-(3,5-Dichloro-anilinocarbon-yl)propionic acid.

Farooq Ali Shah, M Nawaz Tahir, Saqib Ali

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

The crystal structure of C(10)H(9)Cl(2)NO(3) reveals dimers formed by hydrogen bonds. These dimers further connect via intermolecular hydrogen bonds and a unique C-Cl⋯π interaction involving aromatic rings.

Area of Science:

Crystal structure analysis
Supramolecular chemistry
Organic chemistry

Background:

Understanding the intermolecular interactions in organic compounds is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
The title compound, C(10)H(9)Cl(2)NO(3), presents an interesting case for structural investigation due to its functional groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of C(10)H(9)Cl(2)NO(3).
To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions governing the compound's solid-state arrangement.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions was performed.

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Main Results:

The crystal structure is characterized by the formation of dimers through intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, creating an R(2)(2)(8) ring system involving the carboxyl groups.
These dimers are further interconnected by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the amine group and a carbonyl oxygen atom.
A single instance of a C-Cl⋯π interaction was observed between the chloro-substituted aromatic rings.

Conclusions:

The crystal packing of C(10)H(9)Cl(2)NO(3) is dominated by a combination of strong hydrogen bonding and weaker C-Cl⋯π interactions.
The identified supramolecular architecture provides insights into the self-assembly behavior of this dichloro-substituted organic compound.