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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt condensation is...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

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Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde.

Ying Fan, Wei You, Hui-Fen Qian

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, detailing its layered packing. Key interactions include pi-pi stacking, hydrogen bonding, and bromine-bromine interactions, influencing molecular arrangement.

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Solid-state chemistry
Organic chemistry

Background:

Understanding the solid-state structure of organic compounds is crucial for predicting material properties.
Intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking, dictate crystal packing and influence macroscopic behavior.
Halogen bonding, specifically bromine-bromine interactions, can play a significant role in supramolecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(4)Br(2)O(2).
To investigate the types and strengths of intermolecular interactions present in the crystal lattice.
To analyze the packing arrangement of molecules within the solid state.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular structure.
Analysis of crystallographic data to identify and quantify intermolecular contacts.
Computational methods may be used for further analysis of interaction energies (if applicable, though not explicitly stated in abstract).

Main Results:

The compound crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
A layered packing structure was observed, driven by weak pi-pi stacking interactions between aromatic rings (centroid-centroid distances of 4.040(8) and 3.776(7) Å).
Intra-layer molecular assembly is facilitated by intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and Br⋯Br interactions (3.772(4) Å).

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(7)H(4)Br(2)O(2) is characterized by a layered arrangement.
Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding and Br⋯Br interactions are key determinants of the molecular packing within layers.
Weak pi-pi stacking interactions contribute to the overall layer structure, highlighting the interplay of various non-covalent forces.