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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

2,2'-(1,1'-Azinodiethyl-idyne)diphenol.

Xi-Shi Tai, Jun Xu, Yi-Min Feng

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The study reveals a molecule with C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2) formula, featuring double carbon-nitrogen bonds. Its structure is stabilized by various intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography and Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular geometry and bonding is crucial in chemistry.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing molecular structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the structural characteristics of the molecule C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2).
    • To identify and describe the types of bonds and interactions present in the molecule.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths and angles provided insights into bonding characteristics.
    • Identification of hydrogen bond networks, including intra- and inter-molecular interactions.

    Main Results:

    • The molecule C(16)H(16)N(2)O(2) exhibits C-N bond lengths of 1.295(5) and 1.300(5) Å, indicative of double bonds.

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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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    Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
    07:06

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

    Published on: November 15, 2017

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

  • Intra-molecular hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯N and C-H⋯N) were observed.
  • Inter-molecular hydrogen bonds (C-H⋯O) contribute to the crystal packing.

    • Conclusions:

    • The C-N bonds in the molecule possess double bond character.
    • The molecule's stability is significantly influenced by a combination of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions.