Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

Preparation of Nitriles

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Intramolecular Noncovalent Carbon Bonding Interaction Stabilizes the cis Conformation in Acylhydrazones.

ChemPlusChem·2020

Same author

1-Chloro-4-[2-(4-chloro-phen-yl)eth-yl]benzene and its bromo analogue: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational chemistry.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2019

Same author

Studies on the interaction of mononuclear metal(II) complexes of amino‑naphthoquinone with bio-macromolecules.

Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications·2018

Same author

Bis(μ<sub>2</sub>-<i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-phenyl-dithio-carbamato)-κ<sup>3</sup><i>S</i>,<i>S</i>':<i>S</i>;κ<sup>3</sup><i>S</i>:<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>'-bis-[(<i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-phenyl-dithio-carbamato-κ<sup>2</sup><i>S</i>,<i>S</i>')cadmium]: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2017

Same author

Anticancer activity of a monobenzyltin complex C1 against MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of Apoptosis and inhibition of breast cancer stem cells.

Scientific reports·2016

Same author

(Tris{2-[(5-chloro-2-oxido-benzyl-idene-κ<i>O</i>)amino-κ<i>N</i>]eth-yl}amine-κ<i>N</i>)-ytterbium(III): crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

N,N'-Bis(4-chloro-phen-yl)urea.

Kong Mun Lo¹, Seik Weng Ng

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This study reveals the crystal structure of a dichloro compound, C(13)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)O. Molecules self-assemble via hydrogen bonds, forming linear chains through their carbonyl and NH groups.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions is crucial in crystal engineering.
Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the self-assembly of organic molecules.
The specific arrangement of functional groups dictates crystal packing.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)O.
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing its solid-state architecture.
To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding in the formation of supramolecular structures.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
The crystallographic data were processed to determine atomic positions and bond lengths.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Structural analysis focused on the orientation of the ring and the carbonyl unit, as well as hydrogen bonding patterns.

Main Results:

The title compound, C(13)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)O, crystallizes with the carbonyl unit positioned on a twofold rotation axis.
The planar ring system is tilted at 51.6(1)° relative to the N-C(=O)-N plane.
Linear hydrogen-bonded chains are formed through N-H···O interactions between adjacent molecules, with a bond length of 2.845(2) Å.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(13)H(10)Cl(2)N(2)O is characterized by specific molecular orientations and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
These interactions lead to the formation of one-dimensional supramolecular chains, highlighting the importance of hydrogen bonds in crystal packing.
The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic crystalline materials.