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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites

Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites

Published on: September 29, 2020

Anhydrous polymeric zinc(II) penta-noate.

Richard A Taylor¹, Henry A Ellis

¹Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This study details the three-dimensional structure of poly[di-μ-penta-noato-zinc(II)], revealing a layered network. Zinc ions are bridged by pentanoate ligands, forming an extended polymeric framework with organized hydrocarbon chains.

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Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites

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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Coordination Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the structural properties of metal-organic polymers is crucial for developing new materials.
Polymeric zinc carboxylates exhibit diverse network topologies and potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of poly[di-μ-penta-noato-zinc(II)].
To characterize the coordination environment of zinc ions and the arrangement of pentanoate ligands.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular structure.
Analysis of coordination geometry and intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

The compound forms a 3D polymeric layered network with sheets parallel to the (100) plane.
Tetrahedrally coordinated zinc(II) ions are linked by syn-anti bridging pentanoate ligands.
Hydrocarbon chains adopt a fully extended all-trans conformation, forming tail-to-tail double bilayers.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural model for poly[di-μ-penta-noato-zinc(II)].
The observed network architecture and chain packing offer insights into structure-property relationships in metal-organic polymers.