Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Apelin analog treatment reverses severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular heart failure.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

2-Substituted oxazolyl and thiazolyl amino acids are suitable P1 surrogates for new SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2026
Same author

Screening apelin analogues and a small molecule agonist as effective cardiovascular therapeutics against reperfusion injury.

RSC medicinal chemistry·2025
Same author

Structural insights into the nirmatrelvir-resistant SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> L50F/E166A/L167F triple mutant-inhibitor-complex reveal strategies for next generation coronaviral inhibitor design.

RSC medicinal chemistry·2025
Same author

Crystal structure of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>',<i>N</i>''-tri-cyclo-prop-ylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2024
Same author

Peptide Aldehydes Incorporating Thiazol-4-yl Alanine Are Potent In Vitro Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.

ACS medicinal chemistry letters·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

2,2'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridine.

Bahtier Ibragimov, Edwin Weber, Max Peukert

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The crystal structure of C(12)H(12)N(2) reveals a twisted molecular conformation. This arrangement is stabilized by arene stacking interactions between pyridyl rings.

    More Related Videos

    [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
    09:12

    [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

    Published on: May 21, 2019

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

    Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
    07:20

    Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

    Published on: May 28, 2014

    [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
    09:12

    [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

    Published on: May 21, 2019

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular forces is crucial in crystal engineering.
    • The study of organic compounds with nitrogen heterocycles provides insights into their structural properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(12)N(2).
    • To analyze the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular distances was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The molecule exhibits a twisted conformation around the central C-C bond.
    • A dihedral angle of 8.32(5)° was measured between the mean planes of the pyridyl rings.
    • Crystal structure stabilization is attributed to arene stacking interactions with a centroid distance of 3.81(1) Å.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(12)H(12)N(2) is characterized by a non-planar molecular geometry.
    • Arene stacking interactions play a significant role in the observed crystal packing and stability.