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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics01:15

Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics

Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

N-(2-Hydroxy-ethyl)-3,5-dinitro-benzamide.

Li He, Zhi-Gang Xu, Yan Jiang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study synthesized a novel compound, C(9)H(9)N(3)O(6), revealing pseudo-chiral helices and layer packing in its crystal structure due to its non-centrosymmetric space group.

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Synthesis
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Non-centrosymmetric compounds are crucial for nonlinear optical properties.
    • Understanding crystal packing influences material properties.
    • Dinitrobenzoate derivatives have diverse applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To synthesize and characterize a novel compound.
    • To investigate the crystal structure and packing motifs.
    • To explore potential structure-property relationships.

    Main Methods:

    • Condensation reaction between methyl 3,5-dinitro-benzoate and 2-amino-ethanol.
    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
    • Analysis of intermolecular interactions (N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O).

    Main Results:

    • Successful synthesis of the title compound C(9)H(9)N(3)O(6).
    • Determination of a non-centrosymmetric space group.
    • Observation of pseudo-chiral helices and a layered crystal packing structure.
    • Identification of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding.

    Conclusions:

    • The synthesized compound exhibits unique structural features, including pseudo-chiral helices.
    • The crystal packing is dominated by layered arrangements and hydrogen bonding.
    • Further studies are warranted to explore the physical properties arising from this structure.