Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-2-methyl-acrylic acid

Niaz Muhammad, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Zia-Ur-Rehman

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups06:16

    MALDI-ToF MS Method for the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers with Varying Dispersity and End Groups

    Published on: October 3, 2025

    Related Concept Videos

    Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

    Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

    Naming Acid Halides
    The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
    IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

    IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

    Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
    Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

    Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

    Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
    Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

    Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

    One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
    The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
    Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

    Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

    Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
    Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

    Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

    Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
    Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
    The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...