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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Published on: January 19, 2016

Methyl 2-[(E)-(4-nitro-phen-yl)hydrazono]-3-oxobutyrate.

Yong-Hong Liu, Gui-You Sun, Jian-Feng Liu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals the crystal structure of a novel compound (C11H11N3O5), highlighting its E isomer stabilization via intramolecular hydrogen bonding and planar sheet formation through extensive intermolecular interactions, leading to a 3D framework.

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    A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for designing novel materials.
    • Crystal engineering relies on predicting and controlling intermolecular forces.
    • Hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are key non-covalent interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of the title compound C(11)H(11)N(3)O(5).
    • To elucidate the role of intra- and intermolecular interactions in stabilizing the crystal lattice.
    • To investigate the formation of a three-dimensional framework through molecular self-assembly.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) was performed.
    • Investigation of π-π stacking interactions between phenyl rings was conducted.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound crystallizes as the E isomer, stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
    • A large conjugated system is formed by atoms lying on a mirror plane.
    • Molecules self-assemble into planar sheets via bifurcated intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
    • Intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds further stabilize the sheet structure.
    • π-π stacking interactions between phenyl rings lead to a three-dimensional framework.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure demonstrates the significant role of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions in molecular assembly.
    • The compound forms a robust three-dimensional framework, suggesting potential applications in materials science.
    • The planar nature of the molecular sheets and the overall framework are key structural features.