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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis D revival.

Heiner Wedemeyer1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany. Wedemeyer.Heiner@mh-hannover.de

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|January 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis delta, caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), is re-emerging. Current treatments show limited success, but new therapies targeting HDV infection are in development.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis delta, caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), is gaining renewed research interest.
  • HDV requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for replication and transmission.
  • HDV infection is associated with severe liver disease progression and hepatic decompensation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the state-of-the-art in basic and clinical research on hepatitis delta.
  • To review current understanding of HDV infection, its clinical impact, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data and research presented at a European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) conference in September 2010.
  • Analysis of treatment efficacy for HDV infection.

Main Results:

  • HDV infection has a severe long-term course with high rates of hepatic decompensation.
  • Controversial data exist regarding HDV's role in hepatocellular carcinoma development.
  • Pegylated interferon alpha achieves sustained HDV RNA elimination in approximately 25% of patients.
  • HBV polymerase inhibitors are ineffective against HDV.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis delta remains a significant clinical challenge with severe outcomes.
  • Current treatments, including pegylated interferon alpha, offer limited sustained efficacy.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies, such as prenylation inhibitors and HBV entry inhibitors, are under investigation for HDV treatment.