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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Published on: January 17, 2025

Quantitative three-dimensional analysis of embryonic chick morphogenesis via microcomputed tomography.

Jun Sup Kim¹, Jouha Min, Andrew K Recknagel

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)

|January 6, 2011

Summary

Microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) offers detailed 3D imaging for embryonic development. This study quantifies organ growth in chick embryos, establishing a baseline for future research on developmental abnormalities.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Biomedical Imaging
Quantitative Morphology

Background:

Understanding later-stage embryonic development is crucial for identifying clinically relevant malformations.
Quantitative 3D imaging tools have been lacking for detailed analysis of embryonic anatomical changes.
Microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) shows promise for embryonic imaging but lacks quantitative growth analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a method for acquiring detailed, quantitative 3D datasets of embryonic chicks using Micro-CT.
To establish mathematical relationships for volumetric growth of key organs (heart, limb, eye, brain) during embryonic development.
To demonstrate the utility of Micro-CT for quantitative embryonic growth imaging and establish growth baselines.

Main Methods:

Embryonic chicks (4-12 days, HH23-HH40) were labeled with osmium tetroxide (OT).
High-resolution (25 μm) Micro-CT scans were acquired to visualize soft tissue anatomy.
Virtual 2D sections were analyzed for tissue boundary and contrast fidelity compared to histology.
Volumetric growth of heart, limb, eye, and brain was mathematically modeled.

Main Results:

Osmium tetroxide labeling and Micro-CT provided highly detailed soft tissue visualization.
Virtual 2D sections showed quantitative and qualitative similarity to histological sections.
Organ growth patterns varied: constant exponential growth (eye, heart) and multi-phase growth (forebrain, limb).
Cardiac myocardial growth exhibited time- and chamber-specific differences.

Conclusions:

Micro-CT is a powerful technique for quantitative imaging of embryonic growth.
The established mathematical relationships provide baselines for comparing genetic or experimental perturbations.
Quantitative imaging is essential for detecting subtle differences in morphogenesis, particularly in localized and conditional studies.