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Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.

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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Conduct Disorder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Do we know how to detect it?

I Méndez¹, B Birmaher

¹Department of Pyschiatry, University of Pittsburg Medical Centre, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. mendezi@upmc.edu

Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria

|January 7, 2011

Summary

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD) diagnosis is increasingly recognized, with studies confirming typical mania symptoms and the utility of DSM-IV criteria. However, further research is needed to clarify PBD categorization and its long-term course.

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Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Mental Health Research
Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD) diagnosis has seen a significant increase in recent years.
Understanding the epidemiology and clinical presentation of PBD is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review the literature on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, longitudinal course, prognosis, and assessment of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD).

Main Methods:

A systematic computerized literature search was conducted using PubMed.
The search focused on published articles from 1980 to the present.

Main Results:

PBD incidence ranges from 1% to 5%, with current studies confirming typical mania symptoms in children.
DSM-IV criteria are useful for PBD diagnosis, with PBD-NOS being the most prevalent phenotype.
High comorbidity with ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders is noted, along with high relapse rates and persistent subsyndromal symptoms.

Conclusions:

Diagnosis of PBD is feasible, but gaps remain in understanding its categorization and longitudinal trajectory.
Further research is essential to elucidate the long-term course and refine diagnostic approaches for PBD.