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Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

[Depressive recurrence: cognitive alterations and neuroplasticity].

¹INSERM U666, Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Santé Mentale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. pierre.vidailhet@chru-strasbourg.fr

|January 8, 2011

Summary

Depression recurrence risk increases with episodes, potentially due to lasting neurocognitive scars. Brain imaging reveals persistent abnormalities, suggesting depression is a continuous process needing further study.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Cognitive Science

Context:

Recurrence is a major challenge in managing depression.
The scar hypothesis suggests each depressive episode increases future vulnerability.
Existing research on depression scars is inconclusive, particularly neurocognitive aspects.

Purpose:

To review neurocognitive studies on depression recurrence, focusing on brain imaging.
To explore structural and functional neural abnormalities in remitted individuals.
To investigate the role of emotion regulation and neuroplasticity in depression.

Summary:

Depression recurrence risk rises with episode number, while life events become less crucial.
Neuroimaging studies show persistent structural and functional brain abnormalities in remitted subjects, potentially increasing with episode count.
These neural abnormalities are linked to impaired emotional information processing, suggesting neuroplasticity disturbances as a mechanism.

Impact:

Findings suggest depression may be a continuous process rather than episodic.
Highlights the need for longitudinal studies to establish causality.
Offers insights into novel prevention and treatment strategies for recurrent depression.
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