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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

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Published on: November 20, 2015

Thyroid hormones and fetal neurological development.

J Patel1, K Landers, H Li

  • 1School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. jatin.patel@qimr.edu.au

The Journal of Endocrinology
|January 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Maternal thyroxine (T4) is crucial for fetal brain development. Even mild deficiencies can cause neurological abnormalities, highlighting the importance of thyroid hormone transporters and receptors in the fetal brain.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Fetal thyroid function relies on thyroid gland development and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
  • Maternal thyroxine (T4) is vital for early fetal neurogenesis, while triiodothyronine (T3) levels are low due to deiodinase type 3 activity.
  • Regulated T4 concentrations are essential for fetal neurological development, particularly in the cerebral cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the ontogeny of thyroid hormone during fetal development.
  • To focus on the role of cell membrane transporters and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) action in the fetal brain.
  • To highlight the impact of maternal thyroid status on fetal neurological outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental evidence from rats and humans.
  • Analysis of the role of thyroid hormone metabolism and transport during gestation.
  • Examination of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) signaling pathways in the developing brain.

Main Results:

  • Maternal thyroxine (T4) is supplied to the embryo early in gestation and is critical for neurogenesis.
  • Thyroid hormone transporters in the fetal brain regulate intracellular hormone levels for TR action.
  • Evidence suggests maternal hypothyroxinemia can adversely affect fetal neurological development.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone transport and TR action are critical for normal fetal brain development.
  • Disruptions in maternal thyroid hormone supply or fetal transport mechanisms can lead to neurological abnormalities.
  • Further research into these mechanisms is essential for understanding and preventing developmental disorders.