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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Published on: July 22, 2008

Polycomb repressive complex 2 in embryonic stem cells: an overview.

Amanda Jones1, Hengbin Wang

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Human Genetics Building 402A, 720 South 20th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Protein & Cell
|January 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) regulates gene expression during development. A novel PRC2 variant in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) has unique functions essential for cell differentiation and reprogramming.

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Published on: May 30, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Polycomb Group Proteins (PcG) are crucial epigenetic regulators.
  • PcG proteins form Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRC1 and PRC2).
  • PRC2 function and recruitment in mammals are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review PRC2 functions in embryonic stem cells.
  • Explore the role of novel mESC-specific PRC2 regulatory subunits.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PRC2 functions.
  • Focus on mESC-specific regulatory subunits: Jarid2, Mtf2, and esPRC2p48.

Main Results:

  • A non-canonical PRC2 in mESC exhibits unique regulatory activities.
  • This PRC2 is vital for repressing target genes.
  • It is necessary for mESC differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • PRC2 plays a critical role in stem cell fate.
  • Novel subunits (Jarid2, Mtf2, esPRC2p48) are key to mESC-specific PRC2 function.
  • Understanding mESC-specific PRC2 is vital for developmental and reprogramming studies.