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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...
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Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pleura of the Lungs01:13

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description01:30

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The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:
Ascites01:19

Ascites

DefinitionAscites is the buildup of fluid inside the peritoneal cavity. It occurs when fluid moves out of the vascular system faster than the peritoneal lymphatics can remove it. This fluid shift is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis but can also appear in several other systemic disorders.EtiologyCirrhosis remains the leading cause of ascites. Other conditions that can contribute include:Heart failureConstrictive pericarditisAbdominal cancersNephrotic syndromeSevere protein–calorie...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

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Pleural effusion in liver disease.

José Castellote Alonso1

  • 1Hepatología y Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. jcastellote@bellvitgehospital.cat

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|January 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hepatic hydrothorax, a pleural effusion in liver cirrhosis patients, affects 5-6% of cases. Management includes diuretics and thoracentesis, with shunts as a bridge to transplant. Spontaneous bacterial empyema requires antibiotic therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax is a significant pleural effusion complication in liver cirrhosis.
  • It is characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural space due to portal hypertension and diaphragmatic defects.
  • Spontaneous bacterial empyema is a serious infection of hepatic hydrothorax.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies for hepatic hydrothorax.
  • To discuss the diagnosis and management of spontaneous bacterial empyema in liver cirrhosis patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hepatic hydrothorax and spontaneous bacterial empyema.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols.

Main Results:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax prevalence is 5-6% in liver cirrhosis patients.
  • Diagnosis requires thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis.
  • Management involves sodium restriction, diuretics, therapeutic thoracentesis, and potentially TIPS.
  • Common pathogens in spontaneous bacterial empyema include Enterobacteriaceae and gram-positive cocci.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax and spontaneous bacterial empyema are critical complications of liver cirrhosis requiring specific management.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy are essential for patient outcomes.