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World health inequality: convergence, divergence, and development.
1Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. robclark@ou.edu
Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|January 11, 2011
Summary
Global health trends show life expectancy converging while infant mortality diverges, influenced by economic development. This suggests a "welfare Kuznets curve" where development impacts health differently across nations.
Area of Science:
- Global Health
- Development Economics
- Public Health
Background:
- Cross-national health convergence observed in the late 20th century.
- Economic growth often cited as a driver of welfare gains in developing nations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the extent of welfare outcome convergence globally.
- To determine the role of economic development in observed health trends.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of estimates for 195 nations (1955-2005) and 163 countries (1980-2005).
- Examination of the relationship between GDP per capita (GDP PC) and health indicators.
Main Results:
- Life expectancy averages converged globally.
- Infant mortality rates continuously diverged.
- Economic development's impact on health varies by country wealth, following a "welfare Kuznets curve" pattern.
Conclusions:
- Economic development drives convergence in life expectancy and divergence in infant mortality.
- The effect of GDP PC on life expectancy diminishes at higher development levels.
- The negative impact of GDP PC on infant mortality strengthens with increased development.
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