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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

TAL effectors are remote controls for gene activation.

Heidi Scholze1, Jens Boch

  • 1Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.

Current Opinion in Microbiology
|January 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are bacterial proteins that target plant genes. Their DNA-binding specificity, determined by repeat modules, allows for the design of novel TAL nucleases for research and biotechnology.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness
06:21

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Pathology
  • Bacterial Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are DNA-binding proteins secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria into plant cells.
  • These effectors are crucial virulence factors, manipulating plant gene expression to facilitate infection.
  • TAL effector DNA-binding specificity is determined by a modular repeat domain, with each repeat recognizing a single DNA base pair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of TAL effector DNA-binding specificity.
  • To review structural data and emerging applications of TAL nucleases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TAL effector DNA-binding domains and repeat structures.
  • Review of existing structural data for TAL effectors.
  • Summary of recent findings on site-specific TAL nucleases.

Main Results:

  • TAL effector specificity is precisely encoded within their tandem repeat domain.
  • Each repeat unit corresponds to a specific DNA base pair recognition.
  • The modular nature of TAL repeats enables the engineering of proteins with custom DNA-binding specificities.

Conclusions:

  • TAL effectors provide a programmable DNA-binding system.
  • Engineering TAL effectors has led to the development of TAL nucleases.
  • TAL nucleases offer new tools for genome engineering and research.