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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Hypothalamic Slices
09:30

Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Hypothalamic Slices

Published on: February 23, 2010

Control of GnRH secretion: one step back.

Iain J Clarke1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Monash University, P.O. Box 13F, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. iain.clarke@med.monash.edu.au

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
|January 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is modulated by kisspeptin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) neurons. These neurons, located upstream of GnRH cells, influence reproductive functions and steroid feedback.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Reproductive functions are regulated by brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.
  • Gonadal sex steroids modulate GnRH secretion through neuronal pathways, not directly via estrogen receptor α on GnRH cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of kisspeptin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) neurons in modulating GnRH secretion.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which these upstream neurons influence reproductive control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on neuroanatomical and functional studies of kisspeptin and GnIH neurons.
  • Analysis of the interplay between sex steroids, environmental factors, and GnRH regulation.

Main Results:

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Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Hypothalamic Slices
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  • Kisspeptin neurons are key mediators of sex steroid feedback to GnRH neurons.
  • GnIH neurons project to GnRH cells, potentially influencing seasonal reproduction and GnRH action at the pituitary.

    • Conclusions:

    • Kisspeptin and GnIH neurons act as critical modulators, situated upstream of GnRH neurons, to regulate the reproductive axis.
    • Understanding these neuronal pathways is essential for comprehending reproductive physiology and dysfunction.