Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Balancing Oxidative Stress: How the Gut Microbiome Supports Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Health.

Journal of restorative medicine·2025

Same author

"The Whole Culture of Nursing Needs to Change": A Descriptive Phenomenology of Nurses Being Bullied.

Global qualitative nursing research·2025

Same author

Selective Recovery of Critical Minerals from Simulated Electronic Wastes Via Reaction-Diffusion Coupling.

ChemSusChem·2025

Same author

Fingertip Injuries: A Review and Update on Management.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons·2024

Same author

Principles for Achieving Predictable Outcomes in Flexor Tendon Repair.

Clinics in plastic surgery·2024

Same author

An Infographic Assignment to Translate Knowledge of Research Evidence for the Doctoral of Physical Therapy Classroom: A Case Report.

Journal of allied health·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Published on: May 20, 2013

Scatter in cargo radiography.

Erin A Miller¹, Joseph A Caggiano, Robert C Runkle

¹Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. erin.miller@pnl.gov

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine

|January 11, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Radiographic inspection enhances homeland security by detecting threats in cargo. Scatter significantly impacts image contrast in cargo radiography, more so than in medical imaging, affecting detection accuracy.

More Related Videos

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

Published on: January 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Published on: May 20, 2013

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

Published on: January 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Applied Physics
Homeland Security Imaging

Background:

Radiographic inspection is crucial for homeland security, complementing passive systems.
Effective radiographic detection of threat objects depends on high image contrast.
Image contrast is degraded by scatter, system parameters, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the impact of scatter on radiographic imaging of cargo containers.
To investigate scatter magnitudes in typical cargo scenarios using simulations.

Main Methods:

Stochastic transport simulations were employed.
Detailed radiography equipment and environmental parameters were modeled.
Simulations aimed to reproduce measured data and assess scatter effects.

Main Results:

Scatter plays a more significant role in cargo radiography compared to medical imaging.
Scatter-to-primary ratios ranged from 0.14 (low-density cargo) to 0.20-0.40 (typical cargo), increasing with density.

Conclusions:

Scatter significantly degrades image contrast in cargo radiography.
Understanding scatter is essential for optimizing radiographic systems for threat detection in cargo.