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Related Concept Videos

Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)
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Published on: June 3, 2009

Biomechanical loading on the upper extremity increases from single key tapping to directional tapping.

Jin Qin1, Matthieu Trudeau, Jeffrey N Katz

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
|January 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Directional keyboard tapping increases biomechanical loading on the upper extremity, particularly the proximal joints. Understanding these keying movements helps identify risks for musculoskeletal disorders in computer users.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)
19:44

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Published on: June 3, 2009

Development of a Novel Task-oriented Rehabilitation Program using a Bimanual Exoskeleton Robotic Hand
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Published on: May 20, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Ergonomics
  • Musculoskeletal Health

Background:

  • Computer use is linked to upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Keyboard tapping involves complex movements with varying biomechanical demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the kinematic and kinetic differences in finger, wrist, elbow, and shoulder joint loading during single-key versus directional tapping.
  • To identify specific keying patterns that contribute to increased biomechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • Six subjects performed index finger tapping on a keypad in three conditions: single key, left-right directional, and top-bottom directional.
  • Fingertip forces were measured using a force-torque transducer.
  • Kinematics were captured using an active-marker infrared motion analysis system.
  • Joint moments were calculated using inverse dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Top-bottom directional tapping resulted in the highest biomechanical loading, followed by left-right tapping.
  • Directional tapping significantly increased fingertip force (45%), joint excursion (190%), and peak-to-peak joint torque (55%) compared to single-key tapping.
  • Proximal joints experienced the greatest loading during directional tapping.

Conclusions:

  • Directional keying movements impose greater biomechanical loads on the upper extremity than single-key presses.
  • Understanding these loading patterns is crucial for mitigating the risk of computer-related musculoskeletal disorders.