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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

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Cross-Activation of Regulatory T Cells by Self Antigens Limits Self-Reactive and Activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cell Responses.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with &beta;-arrestin
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Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with β-arrestin

Published on: December 23, 2010

4-1BB signaling beyond T cells.

Dass S Vinay1, Byoung S Kwon

  • 1Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|January 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

4-1BB (CD137) activates not only T cells but also various non-T immune cells, enhancing their functions. This dual-activation capability holds significant therapeutic potential for cancer, autoimmune, and viral diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • 4-1BB (CD137) was initially identified as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule.
  • Emerging evidence highlights 4-1BB's role in activating diverse non-T cell populations.
  • This expanded understanding broadens the scope of 4-1BB's in vivo functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the significance of 4-1BB signaling in non-T cells.
  • To investigate the impact of 4-1BB on immune regulation.
  • To identify potential therapeutic applications based on 4-1BB's non-T cell activities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 4-1BB signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of 4-1BB expression patterns on various immune cells.
  • Discussion of immunological responses mediated by 4-1BB.

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Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

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Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with β-arrestin

Published on: December 23, 2010

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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Published on: March 22, 2012

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Main Results:

  • 4-1BB is expressed on activated dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils, B cells, and NK cells.
  • 4-1BB engagement enhances the effector functions of these non-T immune cells.
  • 4-1BB signaling contributes to anti-cancer, anti-autoimmune, and anti-viral effects.

Conclusions:

  • 4-1BB's activation of non-T cells is crucial for its broad therapeutic efficacy.
  • Understanding 4-1BB pathways in non-T cells offers new avenues for immunomodulation.
  • Targeting 4-1BB presents promising therapeutic strategies for various diseases.