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Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Halo Effect

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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...

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Self-Presentation

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Self-presentation is a fundamental aspect of social interaction, shaping both how others perceive individuals and how they view themselves. This dynamic process influences behaviors in various social settings, often leading people to adjust their appearance, speech, and demeanor to align with their desired identity. While self-presentation can be deliberate or unconscious, it plays a critical role in interpersonal relationships and self-perception.Forms of Self-PresentationSelf-presentation can...

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...

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Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

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Reducing MMPI-defensiveness in professionals presenting for evaluation.

Steven Walfish¹

¹Independent Practice, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. psychpubs@aol.com

Journal of Addictive Diseases

|January 11, 2011

Summary

Many professionals undergoing fitness evaluations present "fake-good" Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) profiles. Repeating the MMPI-2 after feedback significantly improves validity and reveals true psychological states.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Occupational Health

Background:

Professionals in fitness-for-duty evaluations may consciously or unconsciously minimize psychological difficulties.
This defensive presentation can lead to invalid psychometric test results, particularly on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence of
fake-good
MMPI-2 profiles in professionals undergoing fitness evaluations.
To assess the impact of providing feedback on defensiveness and requesting honest retesting on MMPI-2 validity and scores.

Main Methods:

Participants completed the MMPI-2 and other psychometric instruments as part of a multidisciplinary evaluation.
MMPI-2 profiles were assessed for validity.
Individuals with invalid, hyperdefensive profiles received feedback and were asked to retake the tests with instructions for openness.

Main Results:

59% of initial MMPI-2 profiles were invalid due to hyperdefensiveness.
Following feedback and a request for honesty, 90% of retested profiles were valid.
Significant changes were observed in 6 MMPI-2 scales and measures of depression, anxiety, and anger upon retesting.

Conclusions:

The high incidence of invalid MMPI-2 profiles underscores the importance of using psychometric measures with validity scales in professional evaluations.
Re-administering the test battery after addressing defensiveness is recommended to obtain a more accurate clinical assessment of professionals.