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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Hydrated acid clusters.

Kenneth R Leopold1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. kleopold@umn.edu

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review explores acid-water interactions in aqueous solutions by examining neutral acid-water complexes. Understanding these molecular interactions is key to explaining proton transfer and its role in atmospheric chemistry.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Aqueous Chemistry

Background:

  • Acids in water are fundamental to chemistry.
  • Proton transfer to water is a defining acid characteristic.
  • Solvation significantly impacts acid-water interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide molecular-level insights into acid-water interactions.
  • To review studies on neutral acid-water complexes.
  • To elucidate the nature of hydrated protons and proton transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and theoretical studies.
  • Analysis of neutral acid-water complexes.
  • Examination of hydrated proton structures.

Main Results:

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
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  • Summarized current understanding of hydrated protons.
  • Presented structural aspects of acid-water complexes.
  • Described proton transfer evolution with cluster size.

Conclusions:

  • Acid-water interactions are complex and solvation-dependent.
  • Neutral acid-water complexes offer molecular insights.
  • Fundamental studies inform atmospheric physicochemical processes.