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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
Radicals01:27

Radicals

Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does not...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Published on: April 24, 2014

Roaming radicals.

Joel M Bowman1, Benjamin C Shepler

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. joel.bowman@emory.edu

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Roaming, an unusual molecular dissociation pathway, is evidenced in H(2)CO and CH(3)CHO. This complex reaction dynamics may share a common origin with conventional pathways, challenging existing models.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical dynamics
  • Reaction mechanisms
  • Theoretical chemistry

Background:

  • Unimolecular dissociation is a fundamental chemical process.
  • Roaming has recently emerged as an unusual reaction pathway.
  • Understanding complex reaction dynamics is crucial in chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide evidence for the roaming pathway in specific molecules.
  • To investigate the relationship between roaming and conventional dissociation pathways.
  • To explore unusual reaction dynamics in molecular dissociation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of H(2)CO and CH(3)CHO dissociation.
  • Theoretical analysis of potential energy surfaces.
  • Computational modeling of reaction dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for roaming dissociation pathway presented for H(2)CO and CH(3)CHO.
  • Roaming pathway involves the plateau region of the potential energy surface.
  • Potential overlap or shared origin between roaming and conventional pathways suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Roaming is a significant, albeit unusual, pathway in molecular dissociation.
  • The distinction between roaming and conventional pathways may be less clear than previously thought.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex nature of these reaction dynamics.