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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
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Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia

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Related Experiment Video

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Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-β-induced Invasion
09:18

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Published on: November 16, 2011

TGF-β1 increases invasiveness of SW1990 cells through Rac1/ROS/NF-κB/IL-6/MMP-2.

Marcelo G Binker1, Andres A Binker-Cosen, Herbert Y Gaisano

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) promotes pancreatic cancer invasion by increasing matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) secretion. This study details the signaling pathway, including Rac1 and reactive oxygen species, driving this aggressive tumor behavior.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-β-induced Invasion
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Published on: November 16, 2011

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
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RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
09:58

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay

Published on: August 22, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis correlate with elevated active matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).
  • Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, enhances MMP-2 secretion and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific signaling pathway mediating TGF-β1-induced MMP-2 secretion and invasion in human pancreatic cancer SW1990 cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized specific inhibitors to block signaling pathways in SW1990 cells stimulated with TGF-β1.
  • Assessed MMP-2 secretion, activation, and cellular invasion.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β1 stimulation induced secretion and activation of MMP-2, which is crucial for invasion.
  • The pathway involves Rac1 activation, reactive oxygen species generation via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, nuclear factor-kappa beta activation, and interleukin-6 release.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-β1 promotes SW1990 cell invasion through a complex signaling cascade involving MMP-2, Rac1, ROS, NF-κβ, and IL-6.
  • Understanding this pathway offers potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer metastasis.