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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
08:25

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Drug hypersensitivity syndrome.

Rashmi Kumari1, Dependra K Timshina, Devinder Mohan Thappa

  • 1Department of Dermatology and STD, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry-605 006, India.

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) is a severe adverse drug reaction linked to antiepileptic drugs like phenytoin and carbamazepine. Early withdrawal of the causative drug is key for managing this potentially fatal condition.

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Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
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Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats
13:26

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) is a significant adverse drug reaction.
  • Aromatic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) like phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and phenobarbital (PB) are commonly implicated.
  • DHS diagnosis can be challenging due to diverse clinical presentations mimicking other disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, risk factors, and management of drug hypersensitivity syndrome.
  • To highlight the diagnostic difficulties and potential for cross-reactivity among certain AEDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of drug hypersensitivity syndrome associated with AEDs and other drugs.
  • Analysis of reported incidence rates for PHT and CBZ.
  • Summary of diagnostic criteria and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of DHS in new users of PHT or CBZ is estimated between 1-4.5 per 10,000 prescriptions within 60 days.
  • Key diagnostic features include fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement (e.g., hepatitis, nephritis).
  • High cross-reactivity (70-80%) exists among PHT, CBZ, and PB, complicating treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Immediate drug withdrawal is the cornerstone of DHS management.
  • Symptomatic treatment, systemic steroids, or immunoglobulins are crucial therapeutic interventions.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity is vital for preventing recurrent hypersensitivity reactions.