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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
08:02

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Published on: May 7, 2016

Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis.

James J Willacker1, Frank A von Hippel, Peter R Wilton

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage AK 99508, USA.

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using skull morphology to classify threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) populations along the benthic-limnetic axis. This approach successfully identified divergent morphotypes, aiding ecological and evolutionary studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Morphometrics

Background:

  • Fish species often exhibit morphological divergence between benthic (littoral macroinvertebrate feeders) and limnetic (zooplankton feeders) morphotypes.
  • Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) populations show extensive divergence along this benthic-limnetic axis, but identifying new populations is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a Fisher's linear discriminant function for classifying stickleback morphotypes based on skull morphology.
  • To assess the feasibility of this method for identifying morphologically divergent populations.

Main Methods:

  • A discriminant function was created using skull morphology data from known benthic and limnetic stickleback populations in Alaska's Cook Inlet Basin.
  • This function was then applied to classify 45 additional stickleback populations.

Main Results:

  • The discriminant function successfully separated benthic and limnetic morphotypes.
  • Of 45 classified populations, 3 were extreme (2 benthic, 1 limnetic), 9 were moderately divergent (3 benthic, 6 limnetic), and 33 were intermediate.
  • Classification scores correlated with eye size, lake depth, and the presence of invasive northern pike (Esox lucius).

Conclusions:

  • Fisher's linear discriminant function provides a quantitative method to integrate complex morphological differences into a single score representing the benthic-limnetic axis.
  • This approach facilitates the identification and study of divergent stickleback populations and their ecological correlates.