Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viral Structure

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations, while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...

Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist

Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist

An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, from binding to the receptor and triggering a cellular response. Such interaction effectively hinders the normal physiological processes mediated by the receptor, resulting in various pharmacological effects depending on the specific receptor targeted.
Antagonists can be classified as competitive or noncompetitive based on their...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Neither Preoperative Pulse Pressure nor Systolic Blood Pressure Is Associated With Cardiac Complications After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2020

Same author

VEGF165b augments NK92 cytolytic activity against human K562 leukemia cells by upregulating the levels of perforin and granzyme B via the VEGR1-PLC pathway.

Molecular immunology·2020

Same author

The role of m6A-related genes in the prognosis and immune microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

PeerJ·2020

Same author

The impact of heterogeneous environmental regulation on innovation of high-tech enterprises in China: mediating and interaction effect.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2020

Same author

Endothelial epithelial sodium channel involves in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease·2020

Same author

Effect of <i>p</i>-TsOH pretreatment on separation of bagasse components and preparation of nanocellulose filaments.

Royal Society open science·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2017

Tetherin and its viral antagonists.

Björn D Kuhl¹, Vicky Cheng, Mark A Wainberg

¹McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2.

Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology

|January 12, 2011

Summary

Host restriction factors are key to fighting viral infections. Tetherin, an interferon-induced factor, blocks enveloped virus release, prompting viral evasion strategies.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Published on: August 16, 2011

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Published on: April 27, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2017

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Published on: August 16, 2011

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Published on: April 27, 2011

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Cell Biology

Background:

Host defense mechanisms are crucial for combating viral infections.
Interferon-inducible proteins represent a significant component of innate immunity against viruses.
Tetherin (BST-2/CD317/HM1.24) is a recently identified interferon-inducible restriction factor that impedes enveloped virus release.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the discovery and history of tetherin.
To elucidate the mechanism by which tetherin restricts viral production.
To highlight viral strategies for evading tetherin-mediated restriction.

Main Methods:

Literature review of tetherin discovery and function.
Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of tetherin antiviral activity.
Examination of viral counter-mechanisms against tetherin.

Main Results:

Tetherin functions by physically tethering newly formed enveloped virions to the cell surface, preventing their release.
This novel mechanism represents a critical interferon-induced antiviral defense.
Viruses have evolved diverse strategies to antagonize tetherin function.

Conclusions:

Tetherin is a vital host restriction factor with a unique mechanism of blocking enveloped virus release.
Understanding tetherin's function and viral evasion tactics is essential for developing new antiviral therapies.
Further research into tetherin-virus interactions can reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention.